4. Why observed settlements larger than those "expected"? 
 
(a) External factors  
(b) Internal factors  
     Soil properties - creep - larger than "expected" 
(c) Construction quality  
     Vertical drains - short and incomplete consolidation 
      Preloading - less load and less time 
(d) Errors in calculation  
     Hypothesis A - settlement underestimated ! 
     Hypothesis B - a right approach or method  
 
 
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