4. Why observed settlements
larger than those "expected"?
(a) External factors
(b) Internal factors
Soil properties
- creep - larger than "expected"
(c) Construction quality
Vertical
drains - short and incomplete consolidation
Preloading - less load and less time
(d) Errors in calculation
Hypothesis
A - settlement underestimated !
Hypothesis
B - a right approach or method
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